Jumat, 24 Oktober 2014

Direct and Indirect Speech

Name            : CIPTO PRASETIO SUTIKNO
Student-ID     : 18611407
Class             : 4SA05
Subject          : Computer-aided Learning English

The writer tries to analyze direct and indirect speech from the article below. The article below has become a material or object which will to be analyze, the writer found some sentences which include in direct and indirect speech. The article retrieved on:
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/14/mixed-race-baby-black-one-drop-rule

My baby will be mixed race. So why did I automatically think of him as 'black'?

My 87-year-old grandmother has a very specific way of saying the wordblack: she drags out the a and makes the k extra hard for an effect that drowns the c. “Blaaaak” out of my grandmother’s mouth is an admonishment, not a color. “Blaaaak” out of my grandmother’s mouth travels a step beyond being a pejorative to having the hair-raising resonance of a word that damns as well as describes damnation itself.
“Blaaaak” out of my grandmother’s mouth is a curse.
But the freckled, fair-skinned black woman who helped raise me doesn’t use “Blaaaak” to refer to people’s skin tones. Though such attitudes are often mistaken for a bias against darker skinned people of our race, the assumed colorism of older African Americans is more often a reaction to the humiliating and degrading representation of dark skin in images used to depict and reinforce black people’s sub-human status in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century.
But it wasn’t until a month ago, and seven months pregnant, that her own granddaughter came to understand that distinction.
My mother and I had gone to pick out a cake design for my baby shower, and the one I liked had a pile of leaves in the middle where a plastic portrait of a lily white baby’s face blossomed. I asked if they had a black baby face, and my mother even asked if they had a “tan” baby (since my husband is white and our child will be biracial), but the sales woman told me that their babies only came in black and white. So I chose another design – one that included a black baby.
I didn’t ponder this particular bakery’s limited selection, the persistence of that fictional racial dichotomy, or even kick myself for not taking our business elsewhere. That is, I didn’t question it until later in the day when my grandmother asked about the cake and I explained that it would have a black baby.
“Did you choose a Sambo-blaaaak baby?” she asked. The plastic figurine’s dark blue-black skin and light pink lips flashed in my mind. “Well, kind of,” I answered.
My grandmother lost it:
“Are you crazy? Oh, you must be! Do you think I’m going to eat a cake with a creature from the blaaaak lagoon on it?! Didn’t they have brown skinned babies? Didn’t they have Puerto Rican babies? Didn’t they have anything other than Sambo-blaaaak babies?”
The word “sambo”, and the caricature attached to it, has a multinational history – from its use in Latin American Spanish to refer to a person of Native American and African heritage, to the overseer in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, to the children’s book The Story of Little Black Sambo in which a South Indian boy tricks a gang of hungry tigers. But my grandmother wasn’t thinking of India or how the geography of the slave trade shaped racial terms. For her, “Sambo” recalls the blubber-lipped, blue-black caricatures of African American children known aspiccaninnies, perched on dilapidated porches, half-clothed and dusty, and as happy in squalor and ignorance as they can be.
Depictions of black people, like Sambo, the piccaninny and many others, were manufactured and sold to the public – often to sell consumer products – as foils for whiteness. The scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr even calls what he terms “the everyday racism of American popular culture “Sambo Art”. Everything these imaginary “mascots” of blackness were scripted to be – slow-witted, indolent, greedy, grotesque – white people and white children were supposedly not.
So when I chose a black baby for the cake, my grandmother justifiably wondered who the hell I thought I was and who exactly I was setting up my child to be. The truth is my grandmother’s response prompted me to ask myself these same questions. And the answers surprised me.
In one regard, my ideas about race are more retro than my grandmother’s. I picked a black baby to represent my mixed-race unborn child because of my automatic adherence to the “one-drop rule” – meaning that, because I am black, my child will be too, as was the case during slavery and Jim Crow. But my grandmother’s irate questions about why the bakery didn’t have babies of many colors acknowledged the truth that runs in all of our veins: race is a spectrum, not dichotomy.
According to the 2010 Census, the multiracial American population grew by 32% since 2000. And though 2000 was the first year people could check multiple race boxes on the census, between 2000 and 2010 the number of Americans who identify as both black and white increased 134% to 1.8m. The 2010 Census also reported that racial and ethnic minorities made up nearly half of the under-5 age group and were soon going to be the majority.
The biracial baby boy I am carrying will be a part of this multiracial wave entering America’s schools and more broadly American life. Yet, despite my child’s mixed-race heritage, I found it unthinkable to put a white figurine on my baby shower cake. But just as “blackness” has come to mean something different over the generations since my grandmother was young, so whiteness will also come to be less definitive – and ultimately less proscribed, given the census numbers and the heterogenous reality they reflect.
In the end, despite the fact that I am not having twins, I chose one black baby and one white baby to preside over my cake. Just as, with each coming decade, more people will check more than one box to describe their own racial identity – including quite possibly my child – I decided it was more emotionally accurate to identify my baby as both, rather than one or the other.

A.   Statement

1.    Direct Speech
The sales woman told, “The babies only come in black and white.”

Indirect Speech
The sales woman told me that their babies only came in black and white.
The sentence above includes direct speech in term of the direct speech statement. It expresses a directly statement, so it must be changed into the form of statement which is also currently convert it to Indirect Speech. If the tense in direct speech is simple present tense, so in indirect speech has to simple past.


2.    Direct Speech
I explained, “I will have a black baby.”

Indirect Speech
I explained that I would have a black baby.
Those sentence above include direct and indirect speech in term of the direct and indirect speech statement because it has no question mark and express a complete thought. Then direct speech is used when we quote a speaker’s word and we use quotation mark. Besides, it has common verb that introduce quotation like “explain”.
B.   Question

1.    Direct Speech
“Did you choose a Sambo-blaaaak baby?” she asked.

Indirect Speech
She want to know if I had chosen a Sambo-blaaaak baby.

Those sentences include direct and indirect speech in type of the direct and indirect speech question or interrogative. If a direct speech changes into indirect speech, the quotation mark doesn’t use again. Interrogative sentence in direct speech changes become question mark(?) doesn’t use again. Moreover, when the question is yes/no question, it has to use if or whether. Then the tense in indirect speech has to be changed. If the tense in direct speech is simple past tense, so it has to change into past perfect in indirect speech.

2.    Direct Speech
“Didn’t they have brown skinned babies?” my grandmother asked.

Indirect Speech
My grandmother asked whether they had had brown skinned babies.

The sentences above include direct and indirect speech too. In direct speech has question mark (?). therefore, it has to be deleted and do not use again in indirect speech. Then, the tense in indirect speech become past perfect because the tense in direct speech is past tense.

C.   Imperative

1.    Direct Speech
He said, “Lie down on the bed.”
Indirect Speech
He told me to lie down on the bed.
To change into indirect speech command, usually used the words will, order, beg, ask, etc and advise the reporting verb followed by to infinitive and object like the sentence above.

2.    Direct Speech
He said, “Remember to mail the letter.”

Indirect Speech
He reminded me to post the letter.


 An imperative to change into indirect speech used the verb ask, remind, tell, advise and others followed by to infinitive. The tense doesn’t need to change.


Source:
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/14/mixed-race-baby-black-one-drop-rule

Jumat, 03 Oktober 2014

Active and Passive Voice

Name     : Cipto P. Sutkikno
Class     : 3SA05
NPM       : 18611407

Subject : Softskill 7 - Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbantuan Komputer


Definition of Active Voice

According to Manser (1991:301), he stated that active is a grammar of the verb form used when the subject of a sentence does the action. Active voice is the form of the verb that shows its subject as the doer the action. Active voice refers to the agent that does an action (Chandra, 1994: 206). For example :
The boy kicked the ball
Meanwhile, according to Nuryanto active voice is the form of sentence, which is used to emphasize that the agent is the most important part. Because of that the agent becomes the subject of the sentence (Nuryanto, 1990: 86).

Definition of Passive Voice

      Passive is a grammar of the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action (Manser, 1991: 301). In additional, passive voice is the form of verb that shows its as passive or as the receiver of the action (Chandra, 1994: 266). For example :
The ball was kicked by the boy
Besides, according to Nuryanto passive voice is the form of sentence that the sufferer that the sufferer or receiver is the most important part (Nuryanto, 1990: 80). 
Here is the conversion of Active Voice into Passive Voice according to Chandra :
ACTIVE VOICE
PASSIVE VOICE
                Simple Present
S+V(-s/-es) + O
O + is/am/are + V3+ S
She writes a letter
A letter is written by her
                Present Continuous
S+ is/am/are+ V ing+ O
O+ is/am/are+ being+V3+ S
She is writing a letter
A letter is being written by her
                Present Perfect
S+ has/have + V3+ O
O+ has/have+ been+ V3+ S
She has written a letter
A letter has been written by her
                Simple Past
S+ V2+ O
O+ was/were+V3+ S
She wrote a letter
A letter was written by her
                Past Perfect
S+ had+ V3+ O
O+ had been+ O+ S
She had written a letter
A letter had been written by her
Future
S+ will/shall + V1+ O
O+ will/shall +be +V3 +S
She will write a letter
A letter will be written by her

The agent is preceded by the preposition “by” (Chandra, 1994: 269). For example: A letter is written by her.

Active Voice

1.    However, today, the Internet has become the most powerful tool for people around the world.

This sentence includes active voice. According to Manser (1991:301), he stated that active is a grammar of the verb form used when the subject of a sentence does the action. Meanwhile, according to Nuryanto active voice is the form of sentence, which is used to emphasize that the agent is the most important part. Because of that the agent becomes the subject of the sentence (Nuryanto, 1990: 86).
      The subject from the sentence above is the internet. The subject isn’t categorized as a subject which does the action, but that subject (the internet) emphasizes that the agent is the most important part. Then, a verb of the sentence above is become and the tense is simple present perfect.   The pattern of simple present perfect is subject + has/have + past participle. Therefore, the sentence above is active voice.

2.    Our earth has virtually reduced in size and has attained the form of a global village.

The sentence shows active voice obviously. Active voice refers to the agent that does an action (Chandra, 1994: 266). The agent which does an action from that sentence is our earth. Our earth is the subject of the sentence. Then, it consists of two verbs. They are reduce and attain. The tense of sentence above is also simple present perfect tense.

3.    Today, we can initiate real-time communication with someone who is in another part of the world.

It also includes active voice. Because of the sentence has an agent which does the action and it is the most important part of the sentence. A subject or an agent is we. Also, can as a modal from that sentence and a verb is initiate
.
4.    The Internet has given us a common platform and medium through which we are able to explore other cultures and ideologies.

The sentence above also contains active voice. It has an agent which does the action. The agent is the internet. Not only that, the internet also as the important part of the sentence. Besides, it has a verb. The verb is give. Then, the tense of sentence above is simple present perfect.

5.    Search engines make information accessible on various subject matters such as, government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new innovations and technical support, and even dispense advice on love and relationships matters.
We can see directly and obviously that the sentence above also contains active voice. It shows the sentence contains a subject which does the action and important part of the sentence. A subject is search engine and a verb is make. A subject does the action.

Passive Voice

1.    The Internet can be explained as a network of computers, designed to receive and send data in the form of e-mails, blogs, webcasts, etc.

 According to Nuryanto passive voice is the form of sentence that the sufferer or receiver is the most important part (Nuryanto, 1990: 80).
From the sentence above, we can see that it is passive voice because it contains a pattern be+ V3. However, the subject is still in the beginning of a sentence. It is not preceded by an object. A subject is still before the verb. Then, the form of passive voice form that sentence is showed by the receiver is the most important part. The receiver of that sentence is the internet.

2.     To put it simply, it can be likened to a super-massive server, armed with a plethora of information which is used by billions of people simultaneously.

It also includes passive voice. Because of the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action, so it includes passive voice. Referring to the conversion active voice into passive voice by Chandra, we can see that the pattern of passive voice is preceded by object. So, the sentence which contains passive voice is preceded by an object. It is same with this sentence. The position of the subject is located in the end of a sentence with preposition “by”.

3.     All modern technologies are connected by the Internet, thereby leaving no stone unturned.

This sentence also can be categorized in passive voice. The reason is because the subject is influenced by the action. Then, it includes passive voice because the verb shows the subject as receiver of the action. Referring to the conversion of active voice into passive voice by Chandra that passive voice is preceded by an object. An object of the sentence is located in the beginning of the sentence and the subject is located in the end of a sentence. The tense of this passive voice is simple present.

4.    However, like every other innovation in science and technology, the Internet comes with its own advantages and disadvantages, which have been discussed in this Buzzle article.

In this sentence, we can define that it includes passive voice too. The verb of sentence above shows passive and the pattern from its sentence is to be + past participle/V3. However, the subject is still in the beginning of the sentence. It is not in the end of the sentence like number 2,3,5.

5.    The credibility of this form of education and whether it is safe, secure, and trustworthy, is usually proven through the quality and authenticity of content presented by each website.

This also contains passive voice sentence. If we can see thoroughly, the verb show that the subject of that sentence as the sufferer or receiver. The subject of sentence above is “each website”. The subject is located in the end of that sentence and as the receiver or sufferer. Then the object as the agent. The object is preceded in the beginning of the sentence.